Classification
How the main neuro conditions are grouped, in plain language. Tap a group to explore.
Stroke & vascular Conditions where blood flow to the brain is interrupted.
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Ischaemic stroke
A clot blocks a blood vessel - the most common type (about 85%).
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Haemorrhagic stroke
A blood vessel bursts and bleeds in or around the brain.
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TIA (mini-stroke)
Stroke symptoms that clear quickly - a serious warning sign.
Aphasia & communication Language and speech disorders, often after stroke or brain injury.
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Broca's (non-fluent) aphasia
Effortful, short speech; understanding is relatively preserved.
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Wernicke's (fluent) aphasia
Flowing but jumbled speech, with reduced understanding.
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Global aphasia
Widespread difficulty across speaking, understanding, reading, and writing.
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Anomic aphasia
Mainly word-finding trouble, with otherwise fairly fluent speech.
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Dysarthria & apraxia of speech
Motor-speech problems: muscle control (dysarthria) or speech planning (apraxia).
Dementia An umbrella term for progressive conditions affecting memory and thinking.
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Alzheimer's disease
The most common cause; typically starts with memory changes.
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Vascular dementia
Caused by reduced blood flow, often after strokes.
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Lewy body dementia
Fluctuating alertness, visual hallucinations, and movement changes.
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Frontotemporal dementia
Earlier changes in personality, behaviour, or language.
Movement & Parkinson's Conditions affecting movement, coordination, and control.
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Parkinson's disease
Slowness, stiffness, and tremor from loss of dopamine cells.
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Parkinsonism
Parkinson-like symptoms from other conditions or some medications.
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Ataxia
Loss of smooth coordination, affecting walking, reaching, or speech.
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Freezing of gait
A sudden feeling of feet stuck to the floor - helped by cueing.
Acquired brain injury Brain injury after birth, from trauma or lack of oxygen.
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Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
Injury from an external force - a blow, fall, or accident.
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Concussion (mild TBI)
A temporary disturbance of brain function; needs graded recovery.
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Anoxic/hypoxic injury
Damage from the brain being starved of oxygen (e.g. after cardiac arrest).
Children & development Developmental conditions affecting communication and movement in children.
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Developmental language disorder (DLD)
Ongoing difficulty learning and using language, without another cause.
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Late talkers
Toddlers slow to start talking who otherwise develop typically.
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Childhood apraxia of speech
Difficulty planning the movements for speech from an early age.
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Cerebral palsy
A group of movement and posture conditions from early brain development.
Multiple sclerosis & demyelination Conditions where the protective coating around nerves (myelin) is damaged.
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Relapsing-remitting MS
Flare-ups followed by recovery - the most common pattern at diagnosis.
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Secondary progressive MS
A gradual build-up of disability, sometimes after years of relapses.
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Primary progressive MS
Symptoms that slowly progress from the start, without distinct relapses.
Spinal cord injury Damage to the spinal cord, described by its level and completeness.
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Tetraplegia (quadriplegia)
A neck-level injury affecting the arms, trunk, and legs.
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Paraplegia
A lower injury affecting the trunk and legs, with arm function intact.
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Complete vs incomplete
Whether any signals still cross the injury - incomplete often means more potential.
Epilepsy & seizures A tendency to recurring seizures - bursts of unusual electrical activity.
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Focal seizures
Start in one part of the brain; awareness may be kept or lost.
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Generalised seizures
Involve both sides of the brain, including tonic-clonic and absence types.
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Seizure vs faint
Both cause collapse, but the clues and aftermath differ.